I was asked by RHR (Rabbis for Human Rights) to write a few tghoghts about Parashat Tzav for their weekly newsletter. Wrriten in Hebrew, Translated by Rabbi Sigal Asher of RHR and a colleague.
Like the entire book of Leviticus that deals with temple laws in a tedious way,
Parashat Tzav also deals with the laws of sacrifices in the temple in a detailed way. One short verse in it is particularly powerful, verse 6: "Fire shall be kept burning upon the altar continually; it shall not go out" (Leviticus 6:6). Two mitzvot in one verse: one to do - lighting a constant fire on the outer altar, and one to not do - the prohibition of extinguishing the fire. Apparently, these are physical commandments. There is a "maaracha" (lit. arrangement, pile of wood) on the altar whose purpose is to always keep the eternal flame, separately from the central system on which sacrifices were made. The eternal flame was a small maaracha, compared to the main maaracha on which the sacrifices were burned. Its purpose was perhaps to preserve a flame that would help light the central barbecue, a kind of substitute for matches.
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The Bible simply does not say what is the origin of the fire, what is its eternity, what is the punishment for not observing the commandments. But the commentators came up with the contrast between the eternity of the fire and its heavenly origin, and the earthly commandment to burn it. In the Babylonian Talmud it is written: "Even though fire descends from the heavens, still there is a special mitzva to bring fire by a person" (Babylonian, Yoma 21:b). In other words, even though the source of the eternal flame is from heaven, every person can and should rekindle it, if it goes out. Moreover, the Jerushalem Talmud says about the fire: "Permanent, even on the Sabbath; permanent even in impurity" (Jerusalem Talmud, Yoma 4:6). That is, it doesn't matter who and when, it is obligatory to add wood to the fire.
This commentary was probably written hundreds of years after the destruction of the temple. The commentators had to deal with the fracture of the temple's destruction and with the settlement of the contradiction between the explicit commandment to physically burn the maaracha, and the physical impossibility of sustaining the eternal flame. Therefore, it is transferred from the physical and metaphysical to the personal domain, to the human soul and heart. In the Book of Education, on the mitzvah of the eternal flame, it is said that fire is part of the fundamentals of human nature:
"That a person will be blessed in the matter of fire that he has. And what is the fire that he has? It is a person’s nature — since of the four elements in a person, fire is the head of those four; as with it does a man strengthen himself and move to act" (Sefer HaChinukh 132:1).
In the Book of Zohar, putting out the eternal flame is putting out the soul, and this is what is said in the interpretation of the Sulam to Tzav portion:
"Certainly the fire of the Torah will not be extinguished, because a transgression does not extinguish the Torah. But a transgression extinguishes a mitzvah, and whoever commits a transgression that extinguishes a mitzvah, which is called a candle, thus extinguishes his own candle from his body, that is, the soul which is called a candle. As it is said about it The spirit of man is the lamp of G-d, that it is extinguished, because the body remains in the dark. And so whoever causes the Shechinah to depart from its place by his actions, he causes extinguishment and darkness to that place."
In Hasidic Judaism, the fire is spirituality and the constant inner enthusiasm, which guards against deterioration into poor spirituality and negativity.
"You are my student, and you have been assigned to extinguish the great 'no' of all those who oppose the inner Torah, and therefore you need an 'eternal flame' to burn in you. You will extinguish the 'no', and G-d will turn this 'no' into 'yes'" (The Lubavitcher Rebbe cites Shneor Zalman Maliadi, who quotes his rabbi, the Maggid of Mezrich. In: The Lubavitcher Rebbe King of the Messiah Shalita, Sefer Hayom Yom Tarikh 20 Adar 2).
Zionism transfers this flame to the national-collective dimension, the dimension of commemoration. In today's Israel, there are at least 5 central places where there is an "eternal flame": in the monument in memory of the martyrs of the Israeli wars in the square of the Knesset in Jerusalem; in the memorial to Yitzhak Rabin in Rabin Square in Tel Aviv; at the memorial and commemoration site for the Holocaust in Israel at Yad Vashem, in Jerusalem; at the memorial site for the President of the United States John Kennedy in Yad Kennedy in the mountains of Jerusalem; and in Rabin's grave in the section of the greats of the nation. The eternal flame has become a symbol for the expression of social values in today's Israel. Its foci symbolize the memory of the Holocaust, heroism and Zionism.
Like the commentators after the destruction of the Temple, we too are facing a breakup today. But knowing the historical interpretive incarnations of the eternal flame gives us the possibility to move it to a new symbolic stage during and after the "Iron Swords" war. We are required to integrate the personal-spiritual dimension together with the national social one, to preserve and perpetuate the fire of heroism and civil volunteerism and emphasizing the collective values of prisoner redemption, civil equality and the social solidarity that made a comeback. This is the small fire that will support the big fire of personal and national sacrifice. We can learn from the Hasidic spirit of inner enthusiasm that these are things that must continue to burn in our hearts even in these difficult times in order to be able to continue our very existence, while overcoming the crisis of October 7, and growing towards the future to come.
